Leon Trotsky - 1373 Words

Evaluate the impact that Leon Trotsky had on national and international history. Lev Davidovich Bronstein was a major political figure in the turn of the twentieth century for the USSR (Union of Soviet Socialists Republics) aka Russia. Bronstein’s impact was greater with national history than international history. He was born on November 7, 1879, Ukraine (Yanovka) and later changed his name to Leon Trotsky, the name of his prison guard at Odessa prison whilst in exile in Siberia. Trotsky was introduced to Marxism at a young age of 17 at a school in Nikolayev. Marxism is a political ideology crated by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels that presents the idea of having a revolution involving violence in order to obtain a classless society.†¦show more content†¦This was a large mistake. Joseph Stalin, was hopeful in the case that his will was not to be published as Lenin wrote quite degrading comments about him, asking for him to be â€Å"removed†, creating a possibility that he may lose his reputation instantly. Trotsky and the rest of the Polit buro underestimated Stalin and his ability to rise above them, therefore placing Stalin in a comfortable position to take control. This, was the beginning of Trotsky’s downfall. Failing to use the reputation of being a strong leader to his advantage, Trotsky lost all power to Stalin, resulting in the most vicious age of Russian history. Once Stalin had total control, he expelled Trotsky from the Communist Party and ordered for him to be assassinated, and on the 20th August 1940, he was attack with an ice pick by Ramon Mercader and died in hospital the next day. That was the end of Leon Trotsky and his impact on history. It can be argued that Leon Trotsky’s naà ¯ve personality is what failed him in the attempt to achieve power, but through his intelligence and sturdy leadership, he shaped the Russian and International history to the way it is today. Through his main roles as ‘Commissar for Foreign Affairs’, ‘Commissar for War’ and the political position in the Politburo, Trotsky impacted society by his efforts in control and fight for power, and his aim to spread his communist ideals of ‘comintern’ (CommunistShow MoreRelatedLeon Trotsky2722 Words   |  11 PagesTrotsky was born Lev Davidovich Bronstein on November 7, 1879, in what is today known as Ukraine. He was the fifth child of a wealthy farmer, David Leontyevich Bronstein, and Anna Bronstein. The family was ethnically Jewish but not religious. At the age of nine, Trotsky was sent to Odessa to attend school, and as Deutscher points out in his biography, ‘Odessa was then a bustling cosmopolit an port city, very unlike the typical Russian city of the time. This environment contributed to the developmentRead MoreAssasination of Leon Trotsky516 Words   |  2 Pages The Assassination of Leon Trotsky During the power struggle in Russia, an escaped prisoner of the name Lev Bronstein, was murdered on August 20th, 1940 by Ramon Mercader. Bronstein was a Russian marxist who went against Stalin’s beliefs. He was forced to leave the country by Stalin’s wishes. However, before he left he accomplished many things such as helping the Bolsheviks into power and creating the South Russian Workers Union. Lev Bronstein was born on November 8th, 1879 and grew up inRead MoreThe Life of Leon Trotsky Essay1462 Words   |  6 PagesThe Life of Leon Trotsky Leon Trotsky is well recognised as one of the greatest Marxists that ever lived. After being arrested, sentenced to exile twice and supporting the Mensheviks, Trotsky was deported to New York Citywhere he was to be a peaceful, productive member of society. Following the removal of the Tsar during the Russian Revolution, Trotsky returned to Russia in May 1917. In August 1917, Trotsky joined the Central Committee of the Bolshevik party whoseRead MoreLeon Trotsky aka Lev Davidovich840 Words   |  3 PagesLeon Trotsky also known as Lev Davidovich Bronstein was born on November 7, 1879. He was born in Yanovka which is now known as Ukraine. When Trotsky was about eight years old his parents sent him to Odessa school, which is a major cultural center of multi-ethnic population. When he started his last year of schooling, which was when his life as a revolutionary began to take shape. It was in Nikolayev at the age of 17; Trotsky started to skip school and was going to talk with political exiles and alsoRead MoreLeon Trotsky s Influence On The Soviet Revolution1496 Words   |  6 Pages Ms. Zbrzeznj Global Perspectives 13 March 2015 Leon Trotsky Leon Trotsky was a man to be reckoned with. Trotsky was a Marxist revolutionary who played a leading role in the 1905 Revolution, in the eventual Communist Revolution of October 1917, and in the Russian Civil War. Without Trotsky’s impact in the Russian Revolution, the Bolsheviks would have been defeated. His own beliefs on Marxism combined with his intellect made Trotsky a target and influential leader in the Soviets. From hisRead MoreLeon Trotsky, a Leader of the Bolshevik Revolution and Early Architect of the Soviet State741 Words   |  3 Pageshistorians agree that throughout his political career Trotsky displayed various talents and abilities. However, these skills alone were not enough to enable him to become the supreme leader of the USSR. In the context of the workings of the Bolshevik party to rise to the highest office of the politburo required certain traits and qualities as well as an ability to utilise the party machine and exploit its members-talents, traits an d qualities Trotsky clearly lacked. For these reasons the statement isRead MoreEvaluate the role of Leon Trotsky in Bolshevik success in the period 1917-1924.2345 Words   |  10 PagesLeon Trotsky played a very significant role in the Bolshevik success in the period 1917-1924. According to A.J Koutsoukis , his contributions in the years 1917 to 1924 had been second, if not equal to that of Lenin himself. Trotsky played a significant role in establishing Bolshevik control in Russia. He was also very instrumental and one of the reasons for the Red Army winning the civil war. Trotsky was regarded by his supporters as the saviour for his country for his efforts in organising theRead MoreRussian Revolution And The Soviet Revolution1238 Words   |  5 PagesHowever, many people forget to acknowledge the role played by Leon Trotsky who stood by Lenin s side throughout the Revolution. I believe that Leon Trotsky and his actions during the Russian Revolution were essential to the security of the revolution and therefore his overall impact and status is heroic. Leon Trotsky byname of Lev Davidovich Bronshtein was born in the Ukraine on the 7th of November, 1879. Since a young age, Trotsky had possessed revolutionary ideals and alternative options to theRead More The Work of Frida Kahlo Essay2417 Words   |  10 PagesFridas work, her Self Portrait Dedicated to Leon Trotsky is saturated in sensuality and mystery demanding further investigation. With her directed, seductive gaze Frida holds a private conversation with Leon as she presents herself as a gift to him. In her biography on Kahlo, Hayden Herrera notes Frida was flattered to be loved by the Great Russian, fascinated by his mind and moved by his desire. Frida was delighted to have an affair with Trotsky (Herrera p.212). Kahlos portrait, while presentingRead MoreThe Russian Revolution And The Soviet Revolution1295 Words   |  6 PagesHowever, many people forget to acknowledge the role played by Leon Trotsky who stood by Lenin s side throughout the Revolution. I believe that Leon Trotsky and his actions during the Russian Revolution were essential to the security of the revolution and therefore his overall impact and status is heroic. Leon Trotsky byname of Lev Davidovich Bronshtein was born in the Ukraine on the 7th of November, 1879. Since a young age, Trotsky had possessed revolutionary ideals and alternative options to the

Jungle Rot Free Essays

Tropical ulcers (also commonly known as Jungle Rot) are necrotic painful lesions that are a result from a mixed bacterial infection. These ulcers are common in hot humid tropical or subtropical areas. They are usually found on the lower legs or feet of children and young adults. We will write a custom essay sample on Jungle Rot or any similar topic only for you Order Now Typically, the ulcers have a raised border, and a yellowish necrotic base. The ulcers may heal spontaneously, but in many instances extension may occur which results in deep lesions that can penetrate into muscles, tendons and bone. If the so called Jungle Rot goes untreated it can result in much scar tissue and disability. A person can contract this disease or disorder in the skin from having preexisting abrasions or sores that sometimes begin from a mere scratch. The majority of tropical ulcers will occur below the knee of the patient, usually around the ankle. These lesions can sometimes also occur on the arms, but it is more likely to occur on the lower parts of the body. Most of the people who get this ulcer are subjects with poor nutrition which puts them at a higher risk, or people who do not wear socks or proper footwear and clothing. Jungle rot has been described as a disease of the â€Å"poor and hungry’. Urbanization of populations could be a factor in the disorder seeing as tropical ulcers are usually a rural problem. Sometimes outbreaks can occur; one was recorded in Tanzania in sugarcane workers cutting the crops while barefoot. Another piece of information on these ulcers is that males are more commonly infected than females. There are not really any symptoms from having a tropical ulcer. You are simply Just infected in some way and the ulcer appears. It is initially circular, superficial, very painful, and has purple edges. It will enlarge rapidly across the skin and down into deeper tissues such as the muscle or even the periosteum, which is the fibrous membrane covering the surface of bones. Tropical ulcers (or Jungle Rot) are known to reach several centimeters in diameter after a couple of weeks. The edges will become thickened and raised at this stage of the ulcers growth. The central crater may also become necrotic, or blackened due to the death of tissue. Sometimes, the ulcer becomes foul smelling and quite simply, very nasty looking or else disgusting. Luckily, there are some known treatments for hese ulcers, although not all of the ulcers are treatable. In the early stages of the ulcers growth antibiotics such as penicillin or metronidazole can be used in combination with a topical antiseptic to reduce the size of the ulcer and ultimately clear the ulcer up altogether. For other subjects, if you simply improve nutrition and vitamins into their diet the ulcer can be healed. Sometimes if you Just keep the infected area clan or elevated the area becomes well. In extreme cases, amputation is necessary, but most of the time the Tropical ulcer can be treated with success. The reatments are usually quite affordable, it all Just depends on the person being treated and the amount ot money they nave . This disorder is also curable. The ulcers are known to go away in time as little as a week after being treated. Once a person has been ridded of the ulcer life can go on as normal if the treatment was successful. Sometimes there are complications with the skin pigmentation of the patient after treatment. Victims have been known to have different colors such as bright red, blue, and green around and on the infected area. It is even rare for there to be a color hange from regular pigmentation to orange. Although life goes on normally for some, for others it is different. If a patient’s ulcer grew deep into large muscles or a bone, they can be left walking with a limp or other things such as not being able to use their arm or fingers in such ways like lifting things that they used to be able to. There are also more serious cases involving amputation that can put a person in a handicapped position such as having to use crutches to help walk or only having one arm which limits very many things. There are known to be outbreaks of tropical ulcers, but nothing is said on a person preading the infection to another person physically. How to cite Jungle Rot, Papers

System Design Process Sydney Light Rail Project

Question: Describe about the Report for System Design Process of Sydney Light Rail Project. Answer: Introduction According to the Ministry at Sydney, light rail was poised to have a very bright prospect, as it would help in transportation of a large number of people between various parts of the city. Hence, in 2012, the ministry planned to start a light rail project that will cover the route between Kingsford-Randwick and Circular Quay and will pass through George Street of CBD, Sydney. The route was also expected to cover areas of York Street, Elizabeth Street, Harbour Bridge and George Street (Ney and Gray 2014). These areas have extremely high rush of office passengers and streets get extremely clogged in the rush hours. According to a survey analysis, the congestion expenses may rise to $9 billion by the year 2021. Light Rail can ease the rush easily to a large extent if the project is completed and trains are dispatched at regular intervals according to plan (Hensher 2016). Sydney Ministry also expects a massive economic development of the region if the Light Rail Project is completed succ essfully and very reliable services are provided. Although the project is expected to bring economic prosperity as well as more transport options in Sydney area, there are a large number of challenges in the project that have to be solved before the completion of the project. In 2014, initial part of the project, nearly 6 km track between Dulwich Hill and Lilyfield, was completed. This route is an extension to the Inner West Light Rail of Sydney. Conceptual System Design The project was designed to create a light rail route between Kingsford-Randwick and Circular Quay and will pass through George Street of CBD, Sydney. The route was also expected to cover areas of York Street, Elizabeth Street, Harbour Bridge and George Street. In the city, around 50,000 people use transport during normal hours and during peak hours, the number rises to more than 500,000. For transportation purposes, there are a large number of buses and cars that result in massive traffic congestion during the rush hour (Birdsall 2016). The route of the light rail was carefully selected so that it would pass through the busiest areas of the city. Frequent and reliable services will attract more passengers that would ease the pressure largely from the heavy traffic. According to the proposed system, the light rail route would be created along with the main road routes. However, the geography of the city has made the roadways to be built along ridges and for this reason, less space was available for the light rail route (Olesen and Lassen 2016). Moreover, the existing city plan also permitted limited space for expansion of the roads and hence, the light rail project was always a challenging one to execute. For these reasons, the concept of the system design had to be such that the light rail can be implemented along with the normal roadways. Again, the actual road areas should not be decreased or it will result in more traffic congestion. The proposed route would pass through all the busy areas of the city as well as the most important places during the rush hours (Currie and Burke 2013). According to the analysis conducted by the Sydney ministry, the light rail will be able to transport maximum number of passengers compared to the other general means of transport. Figure 1: Estimated Passenger Capacity for Each Vehicle (Source: mysydney.nsw.gov.au 2012) The key benefits of the Sidney Light Rail Project were expected to be as follows. Increase of Capacity Urban Renewal For a 45m long light car, 300 passengers can be accommodated, that is almost equivalent to 5 normal buses. Heavy crowds and congestion can be reduced by a large extent. Buses can be able to serve more remote areas frequently. More spaces will be freed up, the footpaths will be more safer to the pedestrians. Congestion will be reduced at the heart of the city. An attractive environment will be created for both regular passengers and tourists. Faster and Reliable Service Amenity Improvements Service will be provided every 2-3 minutes for faster and easier transport. Trains will be run right on time. Information board and audio boxes will be installed for notifying the passengers regarding a stoppage or any other announcement. Very effective method of way finding to bus stops, ferry ghats, etc will be used. Computerized ticketing systems will be installed in various outlets as well as on-board. Use of electricity will effectively reduce pollution. Smooth and safe rides will be provided, the rail cars will be air-conditioned and clean. Preliminary System Design For the preliminary system design, a large number of challenges were faced. These were as follows. Ever Growing City Sydney is one of the most busiest and important city of Australia. Along with the growing number of industries and business organizations, the number of working people is growing day by day. These result in growing number of transport commuters in the city. In the city, around 50,000 people use transport during normal hours and during peak hours, the number rises to more than 500,000 (Downs, Cassels and Ericksen 2014). This stat itself is the proof of the rising number of commuters. Due to too many commuters in the rush hour, traffic congestion is very common in the city. According to a survey, to clear congestion and travel only 2.5 km, it takes nearly an hour during the peak time. Urban Renewal Construction of light rail route means the authority must also emphasize on the development and renewal of nearby areas for maximizing profits from passenger income (Ho, Hensher and Mulley 2015). The light rail was poised to reach more areas of the city that will eventually lead to urban renewal. Global Competition With respect to the financial expansion and global reach of the city, the light rail must be developed so that it attracts more tourists from other regions and countries (Burke, Currie and Delbosc 2014). The most modern light rail cars should be installed in order to compete with other cities of the world. Attracting more international passengers will help in generating more revenue for the authority that will ultimately lead to massive financial growth. Figure 2: Inner West Light Rail Route (Completed in 2014) (Source: mysydney.nsw.gov.au 2012) The basic design of the light rail network system was based on the following factors. Customer Priority The services would always be provided based on the customer priorities (Birdsall 2015). According the New South Wales Government, the light rail would be able to provide services to different types of passengers, e.g. Short trip passengers (business, tourism, shopping purposes) Suburb passengers (work, entertainment) Student passengers (school, university, etc.) Patron passengers (major events, race course, etc.) Bypass passengers (rail to road, rail to ferry, etc.) Other passengers (patients, commuters delayed by congestion, etc.) Services After the completion of the initial phase of the project in 2014, as promised, the authority provides light rail services every 2-3 minutes in the rush hour and 6-10 minutes in normal hours (Mulley, Tsai and Ma 2015). The authority always aimed to provide reliable and fast services to the passengers. Simple Traffic and Transportation System During the execution of the project, one of the most important aims of the authority was to reduce the congestion and chaos of the normal roadways and provide smooth and simple light rail services (Miller 2014). The authority also aimed to provide comfort to the passengers as well as producing a more eco-friendly environment. Following this objective, electric powered and air-conditioned light rails were implemented in the light rail route (Peter, Jeffrey and Garry 2013). After starting the route completed in 2014, the congestion and chaos in the nearby road have decreased considerably along with the air pollution around the route. Convenient Ticketing System The authority has opened computerized electronic ticketing system for the light rail services at different outlets as well as on-board. This has made easier for the commuters to buy tickets for their travel (Martin 2014). In the near future, the authority has planned an integrated ticketing system and allowing the use of Opal Cards and e-ticketing system. Detail Design and Development The Inner West Light Rail Expansion Project was completed in 2014. This project covered an overall length of around 6km from Dulwich Hill to Lilyfield. This route has connected a number of key areas of Sidney like Dulwich Hill, Haberfield, Leichhardt as well as other commercial areas like fish markets of Sydney, Paddys Markets, Marketplace of Leichhardt and Capitol Square. This route also acts as a connector between roadways and the heavy rails at Dulwich Hills and Lewisham. The overall expenses of the project went to nearly $180 million. This light rail route was designed in such a way that it acts as an integrating factor for the transportation system of the area (Hensher, Mulley and Rose 2016). In addition to added transportation option, the route acts as a connector between roadways and the heavy rails at Dulwich Hills and Lewisham. Moreover, this route enabled the railway authority to reopen the old Rozelle Rail Freight Corridor. Due to this, the congestion of roads in the nearby area has reduced drastically. The route has been designed such that the commuters can easily access other means of transport after leaving the rail car. The route also touches several major parking spaces as well as major bus terminals, ferry ghats, heavy rail stations, etc. This route also passes through nine busiest parts of the city as Marion, Leichhardt North, Taverners Hill, Hawthorne, Waratah Mills, Arlington, Lewisham West, Dulwich Hill Interchange and Dulwich Grove. Two substations have also been constructed for supplying electrical power to the light rail system (Chandler 2015). In addition to all these, other systems like passenger information system, wildlife protection measures, access paths, lighting facilities and others have been installed. Further construction projects for new routes like CBD and South East Light Rail, George Street and Bus-Light Rail System Integration are currently in progress. Content Case Analysis From the case analysis, the potential of light rail system in Sydney can be estimated very well. Without the light rail system, the transport expenses due to traffic congestion could have risen to $9 billion in a few years, whereas at the expense of only $190 million, one phase of light rail system was complete. This is also more viable in terms of business as it will generate more and more revenue each year with rising popularity of the light rail system. Conclusion From the report, it has been clear that light rail has a very bright future in Australia. Some areas have extremely high rush of office passengers and streets get extremely clogged in the rush hours. According to a survey analysis, the congestion expenses may rise to $9 billion by the year 2021. Light Rail can ease the rush easily to a large extent if the project is completed and trains are dispatched at regular intervals according to plan. Hence, in 2012, the ministry planned to start a light rail project that will cover the route between Kingsford-Randwick and Circular Quay and will pass through George Street of CBD, Sydney. The route was also expected to cover areas of York Street, Elizabeth Street, Harbour Bridge and George Street. In 2014, initial part of the project, nearly 6 km track between Dulwich Hill and Lilyfield, was completed. This route was an extension to the Inner West Light Rail of Sydney. This route has connected a number of key areas of Sidney like Dulwich Hill, H aberfield, Leichhardt as well as other commercial areas like fish markets of Sydney, Paddys Markets, Marketplace of Leichhardt and Capitol Square. This route also acts as a connector between roadways and the heavy rails at Dulwich Hills and Lewisham. The overall expenses of the project went to nearly $180 million. Recommendations The following recommendations can be provided after analyzing the report. The new light rail routes should be created along with the main road routes as well. The actual road areas should not be decreased or it will result in more traffic congestion. The authority must emphasize on the development and renewal of nearby areas for maximizing profits from passenger income. The most modern light rail cars should be installed in order to compete with other cities of the world. References Birdsall, M., 2015. From Metro and Light Rail to Trains and Trams: Exploring Sydney, Australia's Expansive Public Transit Initiatives.Institute of Transportation Engineers. ITE Journal,85(11), p.31. Birdsall, M., 2015. From Rapid Transit and Light Rail to Trains and Trams: Exploring Sydney, Australia's Expansive Public Transit Initiatives: PART TWO: SYDNEY'S LIGHT RAIL EXPANSION.Institute of Transportation Engineers. ITE Journal,85(12), p.28. Burke, M., Currie, G. and Delbosc, A., 2014. Performance of Australian Light Rail and Comparison with US Trends.Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, (2419), pp.11-22. Chandler, B., 2015. Australia award for urban design presentations in Melbourne.Planning News,41(9), p.6. Currie, G. and Burke, M., 2013, October. Light rail in Australiaperformance and prospects. InAustralasian Transport Research Forum, Brisbane, Australia. Downs, C., Cassels, B. and Ericksen, J., 2014. Case study of rail design on Gold Coast Light Rail.CORE 2014: Rail Transport For A Vital Economy, p.76. Hensher, D., Mulley, C. and Rose, J., 2016. Preferences for BRT and light rail.Restructuring Public Transport Through Bus Rapid Transit: An International and Interdisciplinary Perspective, p.209. Hensher, D.A., 2016. Why is Light Rail Starting to Dominate Bus Rapid Transit Yet Again?.Transport Reviews,36(3), pp.289-292. Ho, C., Hensher, D.A. and Mulley, C., 2015. Identifying resident preferences for bus-based and rail-based investments as a complementary buy in perspective to inform project planning prioritisation.Journal of Transport Geography,46, pp.1-9. Martin, S., 2014. Moving beyond cost: Evaluating LRT and BRT options for Australian and New Zealand cities.CORE 2014: Rail Transport For A Vital Economy, p.178. Miller, N., 2014. The impact of a new light rail network upon walkability in a central business district. Mulley, C., Tsai, C.H.P. and Ma, L., 2015, September. Does residential property price benefit from light rail in Sydney?. InAustralasian Transport Research Forum (ATRF), 37th, 2015, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. Mysydney.nsw.gov.au. (2012). Sydneys Light Rail Future: Expanding public transport, revitalising our city. [online] Available at: https://mysydney.nsw.gov.au/sites/default/files/user-files/uploads/light-rail-future-web.pdf [Accessed 20 Aug. 2016]. Ney, S.M. and Gray, D., 2014. Western Sydney Light Rail-connecting the people of Western Sydney to the future.CORE 2014: Rail Transport For A Vital Economy, p.111. Olesen, M. and Lassen, C., 2016. Rationalities and materialities of light rail scapes.Journal of Transport Geography. Peter, N., Jeffrey, K. and Garry, G., 2013. Peak car use and the rise of global rail: why this is happening and what it means for large and small cities.Journal of Transportation Technologies,2013.

Studing is what matters free essay sample

Brain drain is also known as â€Å"The human capital flight†. It can be simply defined as the mass emigration of technically skilled people from one country to another country. Brain-drain can have many reasons, for example-political instability of a nation, lack of opportunities, health risks, personal conflicts etc. Brain-drain can also be named as â€Å"human capital flight† because it resembles the case of capital flight, in which mass migration of financial capital is involved. For the balance of power and for the staggered development of the world, it is very important to stop the phenomena of brain-drain. This will help a particular country to use all local skilled citizens for development and proliferation. But to hold these skilled workers at their native places, it is also important to provide them enough work opportunities and living facilities. For this purpose, developed nations should help developing countries with necessary money and resources. So that each and every human of this planet can have good standard of living and each and every nation can introduce itself as a developed nation. We will write a custom essay sample on Studing is what matters or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page **** Brain drain (or human capital flight), is the large-scale emigration of a large group of individuals with technical skills or knowledge. The reasons usually include two aspects which respectively come from countries and individuals. In terms of countries, the reasons may be social environment (in source countries: lack of opportunities, political instability or oppression, economic depression, health risks, etc. ; in host countries: rich opportunities, political stability and freedom, developed economy, better living conditions, etc. ). In terms of individual reasons, there are family influence (overseas relatives), and personal preference: preference for exploring, ambition for an improved career, etc. Although the term originally referred to technology workers leaving a nation, the meaning has broadened into: the departure of educated or professional people from one country, economic sector, or field for another, usually for better pay or living conditions. [1] Brain drain is usually regarded as an economic cost, since emigrants usually take with them the fraction of value of their training sponsored by the government or other organizations. It is a parallel of capital flight, which refers to the same movement of financial capital. Brain drain is often associated with de-skilling of emigrants in their country of destination, while their country of emigration experiences the draining of skilled individuals. The term brain drain was coined by the Royal Society to describe the emigration of scientists and technologists to North America from post-war Europe. [2] Another source indicates that this term was first used in the United Kingdom to describe the influx of Indian scientist and engineers. [3] The converse phenomenon is brain gain, which occurs when there is a large-scale immigration of technically qualified persons. There are also relevant phrases called brain circulation and brain waste. Brain drain is common among developing nations, such as the former colonies of Africa,[4] the island nations of the Caribbean,[5] and particularly in centralized economies such as former East Germany and the Soviet Union, where marketable skills were not financially rewarded #theme :technologiE introduction: throught history technological innovations have helped humankind improve their standards of living,begining ¬ with the simple invention of bonetools of prehistorie times,continuin ¬g on to and beyond modern air conditioners,au ¬tomobilies and super computers. nowad ¬ays,when the rapideness of development and research is so imprssive ,its easy to think about the advantages of modern technology. .Nevertheless,t ¬echnology can save lives and give us a lot of comfort provided that it doesn’t fall in the wrong hands. Yet,it’s blatantly conspicuous that the deleterious effects of technology out wrigh its benefits. Teach ¬ children self confidence+lear ¬n them how to deal with certains obstacles ,how to defend him self+teach children how ti use their ineligence+faci ¬lities researches communicatin+th ¬e computer games are the best alternative to keep children safe at home ery good job also you can add this:To live, learn and work successfully in an increasingly complex and information-ric ¬h society, students must use technology to Innovate, Collaborate, Investigate and Think Critically. Benefits*techno ¬logy can save peoples lives*it shortens distances*it solves the problem of many childless parents*technol ¬ogy improves other fields*the  internet is a source on valuable information*tv makes the world look like a small village Understand that modern technology has benefited human beings by increasing production of goods and services, reducing the amount of labor needed to produce these goods and services, and providing higher living standards. Understand that technology has al so had negative effects on society—environ ¬mental pollution,deple ¬tion of natural resources, unemployment, and the creation of ethical dilemmas, among others. Disadvantages*i ¬t can teach violence*it can harm the eyes*it can cause pollution*cloni ¬ng is perceived as smoothing immoral*childre ¬n can be addicted to it*nuclear power and weapons destroy our world*machines can replace men at work characteristics of inventor ,, everyone dreams of being famous and remembered forever. some are known for their skills in inventing and designing new things to facilate humans life. in fact there ara many caracteristics required to be a seccessful inventor .  first an inventor imagines , disigns and refers many times to previous results to build on tham, second inventors are determined to work intensively and at many time to earch a result. morever an inventor is commited to his work that is he dedicates his time , his mony as well as his effort to creating a useful appliance medicament or even an item of clothes ,, in this context ,, i may mention the work of alfred nobel who devoted his wealth to sponsoring students only to show that his inve ntion was for the benifit of humanity. all in all we should encourag all the inventors and support tham. †¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ Advantages and disadvantages of living in the country and in the city. There is a tendency in the modern society to abandon the country and to migrate to the city. More and more people, especially young and well educated, decide to live in large metropolises rather than in small towns or villages. The main factor that influences their decision is unemployment problem which is very acute in the country. The city offers many opportunities to young people. First of all, they can attend there the best universities and use the best learning resources which will allow them to develop their knowledge and skills. Good educational background increases their chances to find employment in good companies which will offer them lucrative posts. People who are ambitious and want to be successful and pursue their careers find in the city many possibilities to realize their potential and to gain the best professional experience. Besides, large modern metropolises provide their inhabitants with limitless sources of entertainment. Young people can socialize in cafes, pubs, clubs or discos or take part in various cultural events, like for example concerts, art exhibitions or spectacles in the theatre. Moreover, they can enjoy shopping in large shopping centres or department stores. All these charms and attractions of the city are appealing to young people, however when they start their own families they usually start missing peacefulness and tranquillity of country life. As they become older, people are tired with the hectic and stressful city life and often decide to move outside the city. However, country life, although more quiet and peaceful, has also disadvantages. ***Where shall we live? Some may choose to live in big cities, while other like the natural and quiet surroundings in the countryside. As far as I am concerned, I would like to live in a big city because living in a big city has more advantages than living in the countryside. To begin with, the city is the symbol of human civilization and there are a many facilities for living, recreation and health care. Therefore, living there is more convenient than living in the countryside. Living in such a big city has a lot of advantages. There is a big offer how to spend free time. There are always plenty of social activities, sports events, concerts and other ways of entertainment. There are more recreational places in big cities, such as opera houses, movie theatres, clubs, and swimming pools. You will have many kinds of entertainment in big cities, and meet many people. In countryside, however, the life may be dull and quite, and you may only have a few neighbors. In a big city, people can take the chances to study and work best. There are many good University choosing in a big city. There you can express your ability to study what you like. Moreover, when you graduate, you also find it easier to find chances to get a good job with good salary, that is quite difficult in small citiesor countrysides. On the other hand, there are some disadvantages of living in a big city. Cities are very crowded. Everywhere there are crowds: on the pavements and in the buses. What is more, the traffic is heavy and citys car parks are always very full. Sometimes it is very difficult to get from a given place to another. It may take hours! And it follows to that, that the air in the city is more polluted, than in the countryside. People in the city are like ants. They are always in hurry, busy and out of time.

Understanding the Italian Present (Presente) Tense

Understanding the Italian Present (Presente) Tense The Italian present tense (presente) is happening right now. Its a simple tense- that is, the verb form consists of one word only. The present tense of a regular Italian verb is formed by dropping the infinitive ending and adding the appropriate endings to the resulting stem. The present tense is used extensively in Italian and can be translated into English in several ways, depending on the intended meaning. The present tense is used to state a fact that is always true. Lacqua bolle a 100 gradi.Water boils at 100 degress (centrigrade) The present tense is used to express an ongoing action in the present. Il signor Rossi lavora a casa oggi.Mr. Rossi is working at home today. The present tense is used to express a habitual (regular, repeated) action in the present. Prendi un caffà ¨ ogni giorno?Do you have a cup of coffee every day?Vanno sempre in discoteca il sabato.They always go dancing on Saturday. The present tense is often used to express what will happen in the future. If another element in the sentence refers to the future, the present tense can be used. - Torni a casa domani?Will you go back home tomorrow?- No, sto qui fino a venerdà ¬.No, I will stay here until Friday. The presents tense is used to express an action that begins in the past and continues in the present. This corresponds to the English construction has/have been ___ing. - Da quando Lei lavora qui?How long have you been working here?- Lavoro qui da tre anni.I have been working here for three years.- Da quanto tempo sei malato?How long have you been sick?- Sono malato da tre giorni.Ive been sick for three days. The present tense is used to express a past action, usually for dramatic effect; this is called the historic, or narrative, present. Cristoforo Colombo attraverso lOceano Atlantico nel 1492.Christopher Columbus crosses the Atlantic Ocean in 1492.LItalia diventa una nazione nel 1861. Dieci anni dopo Roma diventa la capitale del nuovo paese.Italy becomes a nation in 1861. Ten years later Rome becomes the capital of the new country. Italian often uses the present tense of stare plus a gerund to express the equivalent of the present progressive, or present continuous, tense in English. This construction emphasizes the ongoing nature of the action. Pina sta leggendo il giornale.Pina is reading the newspaper. Andare is used instead of stare to indicate a gradual increase or decrease. While the use of stare gerund is restricted to the present and imperfect (and sometimes future) tenses, andare can be used in all tenses. La qualit del prodotto andà ² migliorando di anno in anno.Product quality got better every year.

Definition and Examples of Pejoration in Language

Definition and Examples of Pejoration in Language In linguistics, pejoration is the downgrading or depreciation of a words meaning, as when a word with a positive sense develops a negative one. Pejoration is much more common than the opposite process, called amelioration. Here are some examples and observations from other writers: Silly The word silly is a classic example of pejoration, or gradual worsening of meaning. In early Middle English (around 1200), sely (as the word was then spelled) meant happy, blissful, blessed, fortunate, as it did in Old English. . . . The original meaning was followed by a succession of narrower ones, including spiritually blessed, pious, holy, good, innocent, harmless. . . . As the form (and pronunciation) sely changed to silly in the 1500s, the earlier meanings passed into increasingly less favorable senses such as weak, feeble, insignificant. . . . By the late 1500s, the words use declined to its present-day meaning of lacking good sense, empty-headed, senseless, foolish, as in This is the silliest stuff that ever I heard (1595, Shakespeare, A Midsummer Nights Dream). (Sol Steinmetz, Semantic Antics: How and Why Words Change Meanings. Random House, 2008) Hierarchy Hierarchy shows a similar, though more pronounced, deterioration. Originally applied to an order or a host of angels from the fourteenth century, it has steadily moved down the scale of being, referring to a collective body of ecclesiastical rulers from c. 1619, from whence the similar secular sense develops c.1643 (in Miltons tract on divorce). . . . Today one frequently hears of the party hierarchy, business hierarchies, and the like, denoting only the top of the hierarchy, not the whole order, and conveying the same nuances of hostility and envy implied in elite.(Geoffrey Hughes, Words in Time: A Social History of the English Vocabulary. Basil Blackwell, 1988) Discreet [U]sing language to spin may worsen the meaning of the substituted language, a process linguists call pejoration. That has happened to the previously innocuous adjective discreet, when used in personal columns as a euphemism for illicit sexual meetings. A recent Wall Street Journal article quoted the customer service manager of an online dating service as saying he banned the use of discreet from his service because its often code for married and looking to fool around. The site is for singles only.(Gertrude Block, Legal Writing Advice: Questions and Answers. William S. Hein, 2004) Attitude Let me give one final example of this kind of semantic corrosionthe word attitude. . . . Originally, attitude was a technical term, meaning position, pose. It shifted to mean mental state, mode of thinking (presumably whatever was implied by someones posture). In colloquial usage, it has since deteriorated. Hes got an attitude means hes got a confronting manner (probably uncooperative, antagonistic); something to be corrected by parents or teachers. Whereas once this would have been rendered Hes got a bad attitude or an attitude problem, the negative sense has now become overwhelming.(Kate Burridge, Gift of the Gob: Morsels of English Language History. HarperCollins Australia, 2011)​ Pejoration and Euphemism One specific source of  pejoration is euphemism . . .: in avoiding some taboo word, speakers may use an alternative which in time acquires the meaning of the original and itself falls out of use. Thus, in English, disinformation has replaced lying in some political contexts, where it has recently been joined by being economical with the truth.(April M. S. McMahon, Understanding Language Change. Cambridge University Press, 1999) Generalizations About Pejoration Some few generalizations are possible:Words meaning inexpensive have an inherent likelihood to become negative in connotation, often highly negative. Lat. [Latin] vilis at a good price (i.e. inevitably, low price) commonplace trashy, contemptible, low (the current meaning of It. [Italian], Fr. [French], NE. [Modern English] vile).Words for clever, intelligent, capable commonly develop connotations (and eventually denotations of sharp practice, dishonesty, and so on: . . . NE crafty dishonestly clever is from OE craeftig strong(ly)l skillful(ly) (NHG [New High German] krftig strong; the ancient sense strong, strength of this family of words fades very early in the history of English, where the usual senses pertain to skill).NE cunning has very negative connotations in present-day English, but in Middle English it meant learned, skillful, expert . . ..(Andrew L. Sihler, Language History: An Introduction. John Benjamins, 2000) Pronunciation: PEDGE-e-RAY-shun Also Known As: deterioration, degeneration EtymologyFrom the Latin, worse

The Taxation of Household Savings as Presented by the Mirrlees Review Case Study

The Taxation of Household Savings as Presented by the Mirrlees Review Volume 2 - Case Study Example In essence, while considering the economics of the tax system was essential in ensuring that it was effective, the commission acknowledged that approaching the tax reform from an economics perspective only would have created more problems than solutions (Mirrlees 2011, pp. v-vii). The Mirrlees review considers at length the apt method for the taxing savings. Thoughtful deliberation was applied to opinions on taxing savings normal returns (Chote 2012, p. 12). Four issues emerged in the review. The first issue was that the choice to defer consumption provided information on earning capacity. The second issue was that cognitively competent individuals were more likely to engage in a saving culture. The third issue was that taxing independent saving could have influenced the decision to pick financial saving on capital investment. This was especially true when there were credit limitations, and calculating and offsetting the full cost of the capital investment was challenging. The fourth issue was that taxing savings was likely to raise the labor supply of savers to counter to the likelihood of losing their earning capacity but who discern that, based on actual results, they did not need to save for the original reason. Or it may be that future consumption is a co mplement to current leisure (Mirrlees et al. 2012, p. 670). Mirrlees (2011, p. 283) reports that savings taxation plan plays a key role in the evaluation of the tax system. This is because it; is a characteristic of the tax base, is a determinant of tax system recognizing interpersonal differences in incomes, differentiates personal income from company profits, affect both incomes and savings, and affects saving habits. The report further recommends that savings resultant from variances in the timing of donated incomes comparative to the preferred time stream of consumption, or in time inclinations for consumption should not be taxed.

Ethical appraisal of a science research proposal Essay

Ethical appraisal of a science research proposal - Essay Example Blood samples will be collected from the volunteers for lymphocyte preparation and DNA extraction purposes. By collecting blood samples from volunteers who are receiving methadone replacement therapy, this study aims to determine the role of opioid receptors (i.e. ?, ? and ? ) that contributes to the mechanism of tolerance, drug resistance, and susceptibility to the drug. This study will benefit forensic toxicologists in enabling them offer a more meaningful interpretation of a blood drug concentration found in heroin abuse cases. This study will test the following hypothesis: (1) there is phenotypic inter-individual variation in the ability of UK population to maintain tolerance to heroin; (2) that this variation is a consequence of genetic polymorphism in opioid receptors; and (3) that individuals with specific genotypes have heightened sensitivity to modifying effects of methadone replacement therapy. ... To assess the contribution of methadone replacement in the patterns of opioid receptor expression, the researcher will re-measure the key receptor levels after the 6th week of methadone replacement period. Aside from identifying volunteers with responsive receptor to methadone replacement therapy, this approach will enable the researcher minimize the potential confounding effect of habitual lifestyle on phenotypically â€Å"high† and â€Å"low† expressers. Individuals with high or low levels of receptors and those with responsive phenotype will be classified under subgroups. Eventually, lymphocytes taken from the volunteers will be transformed using Epstein Barr Virus (EBV) to produce immortalized cell lines which will be use as a model system in studying the drug gene interactions that could modulate opiate receptor levels. Identification, Discussion of Ethical Issues, and Control of Ethical Issues Respect for Human Rights Among the common ethical issues that may happe n when conducting a scientific-based research study includes matters that are related to the well-being of another person. As a common rule when conducting the actual research study, the researcher should respect the rights of another person by allowing them to make their own decision whether or not to participate in this study (Iltis, 2006, p. 126; Gregory, 2003, p. 41). In line with this, Israel and Hay (2006, p. 96) explained that harm caused by research activities is often â€Å"more likely to involve psychological distress, discomfort, social disadvantage, invasion of privacy or infringement of rights more than physical injury†. Iltis (2006, p. 139) stated that â€Å"disrespect occurs when researchers violate

The System of Inquiry Essay Example for Free

The System of Inquiry Essay The basic framework of the system of inquiry is to eliminate bias in determining the appropriateness of the actions and decisions of social workers in NASW. It also includes the consideration for the welfare of the people to whom the services of the social workers are rendered without prejudicing the welfare of the social workers at the same time. In essence, the basic framework revolves around the idea of withholding judgment until all the pertinent facts are considered and the natures of the ethical situations are analyzed. This basic framework will be used because social workers oftentimes deal with ethical dilemmas where the ethically sound and valid decisions are difficult to identify. In some cases, the options available for social workers are ethically permissible and yet they are required to choose only one option. It is therefore imperative to choose the most suitable option with the least corresponding harmful consequences possible. Otherwise, the prudent act of choosing carefully from the possible ethical options becomes a futile undertaking. The system of inquiry will be applied only after the facts of the case are identified. Thereafter, the applicable sections of the NASW Code of Ethics will be used as bases for determining the ethical worth of the actions or decisions of the social workers under study. A selected panel will head the investigations of the cases, the results of which are still subject to appeal, after which the decision will be considered final and irrevocable. Thus, the NASW Code of Ethics will not only serve as an immediate guide for the members of the organization. It will also function as an objective â€Å"arbiter† during investigations of ethical complaints or breaches in the proposed ethical conduct of social workers. The System of Inquiry As far as the NASW Code of Ethics is concerned, the primary role of social workers is â€Å"to promote the wellbeing of clients† because â€Å"client’s interests are primary† (Code of Ethics of the National Association of Social Workers). Thus, social workers are expected to set aside their personal bias and other personal concerns when professionally dealing with their clients. Senior leaders in the profession are likewise expected to secure the professionalism of the social workers because these senior leaders â€Å"can create, maintain, or change culture† (Managing Business Ethics Chapter09, p. 230). In other words, the observation that senior leaders can influence the outlook of the organization and its members implies the responsibility to make sure that direction of the actions and decisions of the members are aligned with the policies of the organization including the NASW Code of Ethics. There are instances when social workers face the dilemma of whether or not to allow the request of their clients which social workers know are harmful or do not provide any benefits to their clients. As an example, some social workers in the health profession may face the situation where their patient requests that his life support system should be cut for personal or family reasons. It may be that the patient’s family can no longer shoulder the expenses of providing a life support system to their patient-relative. A variation of this situation is when the terminally-ill patient is no longer capable of making an informed decision on what he wants to be done as far as his medical needs are concerned. As a result, the relatives of the patients are prompted to act or decide on behalf of their terminally-ill family member. In such cases, there arises a conflict in the interests of the patient and the social worker. On one hand, the interest of the social worker is to promote the welfare of the client at all times as a primary concern and as far as the NASW Code of Ethics is concerned, specifically section 1. 01 otherwise known as â€Å"Commitment to Clients†. On the other hand, the interest of the patient or the relatives is to cease the life-support system of their relative who is terminally ill. Most often than not, the attending physician is prompted by the circumstances to consult with his immediate superiors. In this case, the superior of the attending physician will have to use the NASW Code of Ethics as basis for the decision. Section 1. 02 of the NASW Code of Ethics states that social workers should not only respect but also promote their clients’ rights to self-determination and assist their clients in their efforts to identify and clarify their goals† (Code of Ethics of the National Association of Social Workers). Taking into account this section of the Code, it is apparent that the superior should respect the decision of the patient or the relatives of the patient to cut-off the life-support of the terminally-ill patient. It is suggested that it is not within the boundaries of either the attending physician or the superior of the physician to force their clients to follow the decision of the social worker. Since it is the primary obligation of the social worker to promote the welfare of the client, it follows that the social worker should not insist to sustain the life of the patient. It is this instance that shows how the right to self-determination of the patient may override the duty of the social worker.

autism Essay example -- essays research papers

Autism Isolated in their own worlds, people with autism appear indifferent and remote. They are normally unable to form emotional bonds with others. Although people with this brain disorder can display a wide range of symptoms and disabilities, many are incapable of understanding other people's thoughts, feelings, and needs. Often, their language and intelligence do not fully develop. This makes communication and social relationships difficult. Many people with autism engage in repetitive activities, like rocking or banging their heads, or rigidly following familiar routines. Some of those with autism are painfully sensitive to sound, touch, sight, or smell. Children with autism do not follow the typical patterns of child development. In some children, future problems can often be seen at birth. In most cases, the problems become more noticeable as the child falls further behind other children the same age. Between 18 and 36 months old, they suddenly reject people, act strangely, and lose language and social skills they had already learned. During the 1950’s and 1960’s, people with autism were isolated and some were sent away to institutions. Today, many of those with autism can attend school with other children. Methods are available to help improve their social, language, and academic skills. Even though more than 60 percent of adults with autism continue to need care throughout their lives, some programs are beginning to demonstrate that with appropriate support, they can be trained to do meaningful work and participate in the life of the community. Autism is found in every country and region of the world, and in families of all racial, ethnic, religious, and economic backgrounds. Autism affects about 1 or 2 people in every thousand and is three to four times more common in boys than girls. Girls with the disorder, however, tend to have more severe symptoms and lower intelligence. Some people with autism display remarkable abilities. A few demonstrate skills far out of the ordinary. At a young age, when other children are drawing straight lines and scribbling, some children with autism are able to draw detailed, realistic pictures in three-dimensional perspective. Some toddlers who are autistic are so visually skilled that they can put together complex jigsaw puzzles. Many begin to read exceptionally early - sometimes even before they begin to speak.... ... of the central nervous system. 3. The individual and/or his family does the program of developmental activities at home or at a training center every day, triggering reflex responses that stimulate the development of absent or impaired neurological functions. 4. Another functional neurological evaluation is taken every two to three months and the program is modified to the individual to reflect any changes or growth in neurological functions. Hopefully, the patient’s profile will begin to look the same as the normal developmental process. While it is natural for parents to hope that their child will "become normal," they should take pride in whatever strides their child does make. Many parents, looking back over the years, find their child has progressed far beyond their initial expectations. Although neurological reconstruction is effective in most cases, there is not enough evidence to support it fully. It is still in the development stage; therefore, not many of those with autism have had the opportunity to try it. It seems to be a very promising treatment, but it will not work for all autism patients since everyone’s case is different.

Presidental Debate

October 22, 2012, was the 2012 final presidential debate. President Obama and Governor Mitt Rooney spoke about the issues in the middle East and how Iran is in the process of creating a nuclear bomb in the next four Years and how would they protect our national security . The gentleman asking the Questions is Bob Schaefer (an old time news anchor for CNN) In the meanwhile, President Obama is stating his facts about he middle east and is trying to pursue The American people that if he stays in office that he will try to make changes And make sure America stays safe.And Rooney is trying to debate against what The president is saying. The republican and democratic party are both strongly Supporting their candidates in this Presidential race by constantly reminding The American people to vote and to listen to the debate and for non-deciding Voters to listen also so they can know who they are going to vote for. The debate Was held at Lynn University in Abstractor, Florida.I believe that i t was held here To show the students that their voice and vote is very important in this race Because it is our future. And to make more people aware of the debate. The debate Took place because the middle Is such a huge Issue in America' media and since The voting for the new president Is coming up very shortly, they must bring Attention to the problems America Is facing with other countries, and this may Help people to make a smart choice on who to vote on the run our country.

An Analysis of The Story Of Tom Brennan Essay

In â€Å"The Story Of Tom Brennan† written by J.  C Burke in a story about destruction, guilt and shame through the story there are allot of up and downs after the crash the family is not the same and tom knows that it will never be the same the story uses destructive power to add some problems to the story to keep it going the crash causes a couple of problems to everyone not just the family the whole community is effected guilt tom and kylie both feel guilty like they were the cause for the crash shame the family lie in shame they feel like there family is bad and the community don’t help that is why they mover because the whole family is looked down upon by the town of Mumbili. The family is affected by destruction in every way the family has changed after the event it has cause the whole community to change fin who was in the crash and her family are affected As well after fin became paraplegic her mum has to change the way she raises her son and fins dreams are crushed after one night so much has happened to the families and friends of the victims in the crash. Tom’s life has changed him and his mum grows further away slowly not talking to each other. Kylies life has changed to she has lost all her friends because they had to move schools. And fin has nothing left and her mother has trouble looking after her it is hard on every one. When the crash happens tom feels like he is the one who has cause the crash he feels guilty in every way he feels like he could have stopped what happened and kylie feels the same way she has the same feeling as tom and they are in the same place both feeling guilty of what happened that night both hiding it and keeping it bottled up inside them that is why they always fight it is because they both feel like they could have done something about it stopped the whole incident from happening fin sought of has the same feeling that if she didn’t get in the car that night nothing would have happened and it would all be the same again but she knows she can’t do anything about it. Daniel is also guilty and knows what he did was wrong he feels guilty because he was the one that was driving the car. Daniel couldn’t even look at Nicole and Luke’s parents because he knew he took something away from them and he feels guilty about it. The whole family will live in shame for the rest of their life seeing that it was their son that cause the crash they will be in shame because they didn’t stop him they didn’t stop him from drinking Daniel especially affected he will never get over the fact they he killed two people and will always know that there is a family missing something that they love and they will never get that back just cause one person did something they shouldn’t have but was it really Daniels fault he was not the one that made them get in that car and maybe they should have stopped him from driving that night. The whole story is made up by one of these points and they play a big part in the story is none of these3 things happened the story would not have much in it.

Young Goodman Brown-Allegory and Symbolism

Young Goodman Brown-Allegory and Symbolism Free Online Research Papers Allegory and Symbolism Nathaniel Hawthorne is a nineteenth-century American writer of the Romantic Movement. Hawthorne was born is Salem, Massachusetts, and this is the place he used as the setting for some of his works: such as The Scarlett Letter, the Blithedale Romance and Young Goodman Brown. In writing, Hawthorne was known for his use of allegory and symbolism, which made his stories a joy for everyone to read. Hawthorne was said to be the first American writer who was conscious of the failure of modern man to realize his full capacity for moral growth. His stories contain much about the life he knew as a child being brought up in a Puritan society. As Hawthornes writing continued it was filled with the same amount of sin and evil as his first writings. Evil that was revealed through his works. Young Goodman Brown was said to be one of the best stories ever written by Hawthorne (Adams70). The Marble Faun: and the Scarlett Letter were some of the other stories written by Hawthorne, and they were said to be Young Goodman Brown grown older. In this selection there is a question of maturity for Goodman Brown and whether he is good or evil. There is also a transition from childishness to adolescence to maturity. This short story in particular has a feeling of adultery, betrayal, and deception as in some of his other works. It was said by Richard P. Adams that young Goodman Brown was a germ for nearly all his best work that followed (Adams 71). The use of symbolism in young Goodman Brown shows that evil is everywhere, which becomes evident in the conclusion of this short story. Hawthornes works are filled with symbolic elements and allegorical elements. Young Goodman Brown deals mostly with conventional allegorical elements, such as Young Goodman Brown and Faith. In writin g his short stories or novels he based their depiction of sin on the fact that he feels like his father and grandfather committed great sins. There are two main characters in this short story, Faith and Young Goodman Brown. Young Goodman Brown is everyman seventeenth-century New England the title as usual giving the clue. He is the son of the Old Adam, and recently wedded to Faith. We must note that every word is significant in the opening sentence: Young Goodman Brown came forth at sunset into the street of Sale, Village; but put his head back, after crossing the threshold, to exchange a parting kiss with his young w2ife. She begs him to put off his journey until sunrise, but he declares he cannot. [It] should not escape us that she tries to stop him because she is a similar compulsion to go on a journey herself-She talks dreams, too, Young Goodman Brown reflects as he leaves her. The journey each must take alone, in dread, at night, is the journey away form home and the community from conscious, everyday social life, to the wilderness where the hidden self satisfies or forces us to realize its subconscious fears and prompting in sleep. We take that journey with him into the awful forest. Noting the difference between the town and the forest. We see Hawthorne using the Puritan association of trees and animals. When Young Goodman associates returns to Salem Village, his eyes are opened to the true nature of his fellowmen, that is human nature; he inescapably knows that what he suspected of himself is true of all men Hawthorne has made a dramatic poem of the Calvinist experience in New England. The unfailing tact with which the experience is evoked subjectively in the more impressive concrete terms, is a subordinate proof of genius. I should prefer to stress the wonderful I control of local and total rhythm, which never falters of stackers, and rises from the quest but impressive opening to its poetic climax in the superb and moving finale. Hawthorne has imagin atively recreated for the reader that Calvinist sense of sin, that theory did in actuality shape the early social and spiritual history of New England. But in Hawthorne by a wonderful feat of translation, it has no religious significance; it is as a psychological state that it explored. Young Goodman Browns faith in human beings, and losing it he is doomed to isolation forever (Peabody 331). Young Goodman Brown is the main character and the protagonist, and Faith Brown, his wife is said to be one of the antagonists in this selection. Young Goodman Brown is a husband of three months and is still said to be immature. Brown symbolizes immaturity, goodness, and everyman. He is a very religious person, happy in his marriage, trustworthy and naà ¯ve. Young Goodman Brown is stern, sad, darkly meditative, distrustful if not a desperate man (Adams 72). Brown is said to be naà ¯ve because he goes into this evil forest even though his wife warned him of the danger that he was about to encoun ter. Brown, actually is every man, whether young or old our parents in some way try to protect us form danger and thats just what his mothers ghost was trying to do, but as we all know our fathers pushes us on even if we are going to make a mistake and thats just what his fathers ghost did. This forest represents evil and destruction. There is always an association between forests and evil because of its dark and gloomy nature. That is why the witch meetings were held in the midst of it. Faith was another character in the story; she was the wife of Young Goodman Brown. This young woman is filled with sin yet she is said to be Godly. Because Faith was so honest and Godly, Young Goodman Brown put all of his faith in her, which made heroin of his worst enemies. Faith is said to be a good wife pure and poisonous, a saint and sinner and a pretty pink ribbon-wearing woman. Hoffman writes that Faith is the forest. They both are considered to be evil (Levy 121). Faiths ribbon is a descripti on of her personality or her inner-self. The pink ribbon that Faith wears is a symbol of sin and purities. Faiths ribbon is found in the evil forest and thats when Faith is really seen as an unclear person. Faith is also said to have committed adultery not only against Young Goodman Brown but also against God because she gave in to the likes of the devil. The ribbons provide a continuity between faith as an ideal of religious fidelity and as partner in a witches Sabbath. (Levy 122). The other character in this story was the devil or the other antagonist of Young Goodman Brown. The devil figure has a double function; he encourages and frightens the next candidate up for the evil baptism or damnation. This man is seen as an old person dressed raggedly and considered to be evil in a sense because he is in the forest. He leads Young Brown through the woods with a staff. A staff to some may symbolize Godliness but this one was carved in the shape of a snake, which is associated with evil and sneakiness as in the Garden of Eden. This staff is what Young Goodman Brown carried in to the witch meeting. Even though there were some major characters, there were some flat characters also: Goody Cloyse, the minister, and the deacon. Goody Cloyse was supposed to be the holy lady that taught everyone the catechism but she was just as evil as the forest because she was also a witch. The minister and the deacon were also corrupted and evil. They all were considered to be holy and people of God, but they were just the opposite. Young Goodman Brown was a short story that dealt with the realisms of reality. There was a question asked by the author at the end of the story: was this story a dream or was it reality? Young Goodman Brown at the beginning of this story was a immature, good, loyal, trustworthy, and holy man. He lacked strength, courage, firmness, seriousness, and determination as Puritan should, but at a point in this story he became an adult and matured. The story ended with Goodman Brown becoming a stern, sad darkly meditative, distrustful, if not desperate man. Hawthorne used all the character in this story to prove that good people also contain evil aspects. Research Papers on Young Goodman Brown-Allegory and SymbolismMind TravelThe Masque of the Red Death Room meaningsHarry Potter and the Deathly Hallows EssayHip-Hop is ArtThe Hockey GameThe Fifth HorsemanAnalysis Of A Cosmetics AdvertisementCanaanite Influence on the Early Israelite ReligionNever Been Kicked Out of a Place This NiceWhere Wild and West Meet

European Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

European Law - Essay Example "It can, and frequently is, argued that the Court has emerged as the most dynamic and purposeful of all Community institutions in furtherance of the idea of European integration,"3 observes Ian Ward, an expert in European law. Another scholar claims that by establishing several legal doctrines and setting important legal precedents in a series of preliminary rulings, the ECJ has essentially 'constitutionised' the EC laws and successfully laid "the [legal] foundation for a federal Europe."4 According to Kwan, today the ECJ "stands at the pinnacle of [the European] Community legal order with its rights to judicial review and to sanction European states for non-compliance with EU laws." 5 The present research is an attempt to understand the constitutional nature of the European Union and the role and significance of European law and the ECJ in establishing a legal order among member states and facilitating the legal integration of the European Union, thereby strengthening the politico-e conomic integration. While many political theories - ranging from functionalism, neo-functionalism, neo-realism and neo-rationalism- have been applied in explaining the different phases of the integration process,6 the first significant step towards European integration can be traced back to the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) Treaty of 1951, for the establishment of a common market in coal and steel products. A Court of Justice, which was created as part of the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) agreements for adjudicating disputes and observing compliance by the member states, has over the years transformed into the "supranational" and powerful European Court of Justice.7 The 1957 Treaty of Rome was the next significant step towards integration, when the ECSC was expanded to form the European Economic Community (EEC), later called the European Community (EC), constituting five key community institutions - the European Commission, the Council of Ministers, the European Council, the European Parliament and the European Court of Justice.8 The establishment of EC represented a further step in economic integration by providing for the free movement of services, capital and labour in addition to the free movement of goods; however, for many political and economic reasons the 'single market' programme became effective only by 1992.9 Nonetheless, the jurisdiction and mandate of the ECJ was expanded by the 1957 Treaty - the ECJ was granted the right to judicial review, empowering the Court to hear cases raised by national governments or EC institutions regarding the validity of the EC laws. The national courts, which alone had access to the EC legal system cou ld seek clarification from the ECJ, through a preliminary ruling procedure, in interpreting the meanings of EC laws in relation to the cases decided by them.10 While the Single European Act of 1986 provided an impetus to integration, the Maastricht Treaty of 1992 creating the European Union was perhaps the most significant step, facilitating economic, political and legal integration of the member states.

Life under slavery in the United States Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4250 words

Life under slavery in the United States - Essay Example Although slavery was later abolished using peace treaties, it is clear that during the slave period, most slaves experienced serious suffering harsh living conditions under their masters’ care. African-Americans were used as slaves in the 17th century even during the American Revolution and during the adoption of the Constitution in 1787. During this era, there were clear guidelines on when slaves started their work schedule and when it ended on a daily basis. Slaves worked for long hours whereby work started before, dawn, and ended after sunset with only a two-hour break. They worked under constant supervisions with threats of punishment by overseers regardless of who their owners were. There were submitted to harsh conditions and despite their lack of freedom, they were not always rendered powerless victims, as they were able to start important institutions (Reese 208). Europeans settled in America and invested in sugarcane and tobacco plantations, which had thrived in areas like the Mediterranean in the Middle Ages. When European merchants were sailing, they adopted such practices into their new settlements. This early plantations needed labor and the Europeans disliked the labor required in the plantations and the indigenous people refused to work on it, and this led to forced slave labor (Rodriguez 33). There was a massive expansion of the population that was enslaved in Americas, which was possible due to the transatlantic slave trade. The population increased because slaves barred more children and cotton farming started benefiting from the slavery in America in 1800 and it spread to other states (Elkins 35). Slavery was met with resistance as slaves sometimes ran away and hid in forests or visited relatives in other plantations. Some were able to escape slavery for good but some were unlucky as they were severely punished, and others were even shot to death or bitten by the owners dogs